Maranhão · Brazil · 3.29° S · 45.17° W
Solar position in Penalva
Sun position, daylight and the best solar panel angle for Penalva — computed for 3.29° S, 45.17° W, 17 m above sea level.
The sun right now
Sun in Penalva today
Saturday, 24 October 2026 · local time UTC−3
| Event | Time | Direction / height |
|---|---|---|
| Astronomical dawn | 04:28 | sun 18° below horizon |
| Nautical dawn | 04:52 | 12° below |
| Civil dawn | 05:17 | 6° below |
| Sunrise | 05:38 | 102° ESE |
| Golden hour ends | 06:06 | sun 6° up |
| Solar noon | 11:44 | 81.4° high |
| Golden hour starts | 17:23 | sun 6° up |
| Sunset | 17:51 | 258° WSW |
| Civil dusk | 18:12 | 6° below |
| Nautical dusk | 18:36 | 12° below |
| Astronomical dusk | 19:01 | 18° below |
| Day length | 12 h 12 min | |
Sun path diagram for Penalva
Where the sun stands in the sky: the centre is straight overhead, the outer ring is the horizon. Numbers mark local clock hours.
- June solstice
- Equinox
- December solstice
- Today
On the June solstice the sun reaches 63.3° at solar noon in Penalva; on the December solstice only 69.9°. Sunrise swings from 67° ENE in June to 114° ESE in December — a 47° arc along the horizon.
Sunrise, sunset and sun height by month
Values for the 21st of each month, local clock time including daylight saving time.
| Month | Sunrise | Solar noon | Sunset | Day length | Noon elevation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 06:03 | 12:12 | 18:20 | 12 h 17 min | 73.5° |
| February | 06:08 | 12:14 | 18:19 | 12 h 12 min | 82.9° |
| March | 06:04 | 12:07 | 18:10 | 12 h 06 min | 86.3° |
| April | 05:58 | 11:59 | 17:59 | 12 h 01 min | 74.7° |
| May | 05:58 | 11:57 | 17:55 | 11 h 57 min | 66.4° |
| June | 06:04 | 12:02 | 18:00 | 11 h 56 min | 63.3° |
| July | 06:08 | 12:07 | 18:05 | 11 h 57 min | 66.3° |
| August | 06:03 | 12:03 | 18:04 | 12 h 01 min | 74.7° |
| September | 05:50 | 11:53 | 17:56 | 12 h 06 min | 86.2° |
| October | 05:39 | 11:45 | 17:51 | 12 h 12 min | 82.5° |
| November | 05:38 | 11:46 | 17:55 | 12 h 17 min | 73.3° |
| December | 05:49 | 11:58 | 18:08 | 12 h 19 min | 69.9° |
A year of daylight in Penalva
Each column is one day of 2026. Bright: sun above the horizon; soft: civil twilight; line: solar noon. Steps are daylight saving time changes.
Best solar panel angle in Penalva
Fixed array facing north (azimuth 0°). Energy per kWp from NASA POWER monthly climate, including clouds, temperature and snow reflection.
6°collects the most energy over a year: 1515 kWh per kWp.
0°gives the most in the darkest month — the one an off-grid system is sized for.
- Yearly energy
- Worst-month energy
| Tilt | kWh/kWp per year | Share of best year | January kWh/kWp/day | Best ÷ worst month |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0° off-grid best | 1509 | 100% | 3.84 | 1.2× |
| 3° = latitude | 1514 | 100% | 3.78 | 1.3× |
| 6° year-round best | 1515 | 100% | 3.71 | 1.3× |
| 15° | 1500 | 99% | 3.46 | 1.4× |
| 30° | 1407 | 93% | 2.90 | 1.7× |
| 45° | 1238 | 82% | 2.21 | 2.2× |
| 60° | 1008 | 67% | 1.47 | 3.2× |
| 70° | 844 | 56% | 1.13 | 3.6× |
| 90° | 566 | 37% | 1.02 | 2.8× |
A fixed array in Penalva produces the most over a year at 6°. The design month for an off-grid system is January: at 0° it makes 3.84 kWh per kWp a day, 3% more than at 6°, and costs 0% of the yearly total. Why steep panels win winter.
Off-grid solar in Penalva at 70°
Daily energy of 1 kWp by month. Bars: panels at 70°. Line: panels at 6° (year-round best).
| Month | Sun hours, flat | Sun hours at 70° | kWh/kWp/day at 70° | at 6° | Mean temp. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 4.85 | 1.45 | 1.13 | 3.71 | 27.3 °C |
| February | 4.84 | 1.77 | 1.40 | 3.77 | 26.3 °C |
| March | 4.85 | 2.41 | 1.93 | 3.85 | 26.2 °C |
| April | 4.84 | 3.17 | 2.58 | 3.91 | 26.1 °C |
| May | 4.94 | 3.97 | 3.24 | 4.06 | 26.2 °C |
| June | 5.14 | 4.66 | 3.81 | 4.28 | 25.9 °C |
| July | 5.39 | 4.73 | 3.86 | 4.48 | 26.1 °C |
| August | 5.81 | 4.22 | 3.42 | 4.73 | 27.6 °C |
| September | 5.98 | 3.15 | 2.52 | 4.73 | 29.5 °C |
| October | 5.78 | 2.05 | 1.61 | 4.46 | 30.2 °C |
| November | 5.36 | 1.43 | 1.10 | 4.06 | 30.0 °C |
| December | 4.98 | 1.41 | 1.09 | 3.76 | 29.0 °C |
| Year | 5.23 avg | 2.88 avg | 844 kWh | 1515 kWh |
Sizing example. To run a 1 kWh-per-day load through December on LiFePO4 batteries (charge controller, battery and inverter losses included) you need about 1,090 Wp of panels at 70°, versus 320 Wp at 6°. Here the lower tilt is the better winter choice — the sun stays high enough. Size your own system.
Row spacing in Penalva
Distance between rows of 2 m long panels (slope length) so that no row shades the next between 10:00 and 14:00 solar time on the winter solstice.
1.8 mrow pitch at 70°
2.1 mrow pitch at 6°
How Penalva compares in Brazil
Against the other 2,263 places in Brazil with climate data, for a fixed array at its best angle.
1089thof 2,264 places in Brazil for sunshine, shared: 5.23 peak sun hours a day on flat ground.
−4%solar energy a year compared with the average place in Brazil: 1,515 against 1,581 kWh per kWp.
−1 h 17 mindaylight on the longest day, compared with São Paulo: 12 h 19 min against 13 h 35 min.
6°best year-round tilt here; across Brazil it runs from 0° in Macapá to 28° in Santa Vitória do Palmar.
Of the 2,264 places in Brazil, Catolé do Rocha gets the most sun (6.16 peak sun hours a day) and Paranaguá the least (4.01); Penalva ranks joint 1089th. In its darkest month, December, 1 kWp of off-grid panels at 70° makes 1.09 kWh a day here, against 1.56 kWh on average in Brazil. The shortest day lasts 11 h 56 min, +1 h 15 min compared with São Paulo.
Solar forecast for Penalva, next 48 hours
Expected output of 1 kWp at 70°, computed from the ICON-EU weather model of the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Europe.
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Questions about the sun in Penalva
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A free, live card for Penalva: where the sun is right now on today's path, a countdown to sunset or sunrise, the daylight change, the moon phase at night and the best panel angle.
Sun positions: NREL Solar Position Algorithm. Climate: NASA POWER monthly climatology (NASA Langley Research Center). Forecast: Deutscher Wetterdienst, ICON-EU (CC BY 4.0), processed. Places: GeoNames (CC BY 4.0). Time zones: IANA. Sources and licences.